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## Library Overview

In the tutorial section, we saw several examples of library usage. Here we will describe the overall library design including the primary components and their function.

The library has three main components:

- The options description component, which describes the allowed options and what to do with the values of the options.

- The parsers component, which uses this information to find option names and values in the input sources and return them.

- The storage component, which provides the interface to access the value of an option. It also converts the string representation of values that parsers return into desired C++ types.

To be a little more concrete, the `options_description` class is from the options description component, the `parse_command_line` function is from the parsers component, and the `variables_map` class is from the storage component.

In the tutorial we've learned how those components can be used by the `main` function to parse the command line and config file. Before going into the details of each component, a few notes about the world outside of `main`.

For that outside world, the storage component is the most important. It provides a class which stores all option values and that class can be freely passed around your program to modules which need access to the options. All the other components can be used only in the place where the actual parsing is the done. However, it might also make sense for the individual program modules to describe their options and pass them to the main module, which will merge all options. Of course, this is only important when the number of options is large and declaring them in one place becomes troublesome.

### Options Description Component

The options description component has three main classes: `option_description`, `value_semantic` and `options_description`. The first two together describe a single option. The `option_description` class contains the option's name, description and a pointer to `value_semantic`, which, in turn, knows the type of the option's value and can parse the value, apply the default value, and so on. The `options_description` class is a container for instances of `option_description`.

For almost every library, those classes could be created in a conventional way: that is, you'd create new options using constructors and then call the `add` method of `options_description`. However, that's overly verbose for declaring 20 or 30 options. This concern led to creation of the syntax that you've already seen:

    options_description desc;
    desc.add_options()
        ("help", "produce help")
        ("optimization", value<int>()->default_value(10), "optimization level")
        ;

The call to the `value` function creates an instance of a class derived from the `value_semantic` class: `typed_value`. That class contains the code to parse values of a specific type, and contains a number of methods which can be called by the user to specify additional information. (This essentially emulates named parameters of the constructor.) Calls to `operator()` on the object returned by `add_options` forward arguments to the constructor of the `option_description` class and add the new instance.

Note that in addition to the `value`, library provides the `bool_switch` function, and user can write his own function which will return other subclasses of `value_semantic` with different behaviour. For the remainder of this section, we'll talk only about the `value` function.

The information about an option is divided into syntactic and semantic. Syntactic information includes the name of the option and the number of tokens which can be used to specify the value. This information is used by parsers to group tokens into (name, value) pairs, where value is just a vector of strings (`std::vector<std::string>`). The semantic layer is responsible for converting the value of the option into more usable C++ types.

This separation is an important part of library design. The parsers use only the syntactic layer, which takes away some of the freedom to use overly complex structures. For example, it's not easy to parse syntax like:

    calc --expression=1 + 2/3

because it's not possible to parse

    1 + 2/3

without knowing that it's a C expression. With a little help from the user the task becomes trivial, and the syntax clear:

    calc --expression="1 + 2/3"

#### Syntactic Information

The syntactic information is provided by the `boost::program_options::options_description` class and some methods of the `boost::program_options::value_semantic` class and includes:

- name of the option, used to identify the option inside the program,

- description of the option, which can be presented to the user,

- the allowed number of source tokens that comprise options's value, which is used during parsing.

Consider the following example:

    options_description desc;
    desc.add_options()
        ("help", "produce help message")
        ("compression", value<string>(), "compression level")
        ("verbose", value<string>()->implicit_value("0"), "verbosity level")
        ("email", value<string>()->multitoken(), "email to send to")
        ;

For the first parameter, we specify only the name and the description. No value can be specified in the parsed source. For the first option, the user must specify a value, using a single token. For the third option, the user may either provide a single token for the value, or no token at all. For the last option, the value can span several tokens. For example, the following command line is OK:

              test --help --compression 10 --verbose --email beadle@mars beadle2@mars

##### Description formatting

Sometimes the description can get rather long, for example, when several option's values need separate documentation. Below we describe some simple formatting mechanisms you can use.

The description string has one or more paragraphs, separated by the newline character ('\n'). When an option is output, the library will compute the indentation for options's description. Each of the paragraph is output as a separate line with that intentation. If a paragraph does not fit on one line it is spanned over multiple lines (which will have the same indentation).

You may specify additional indent for the first specified by inserting spaces at the beginning of a paragraph. For example:

    options.add_options()
        ("help", "   A long help msg a long help msg a long help msg a long help
    msg a long help msg a long help msg a long help msg a long help msg ")
        ;

will specify a four-space indent for the first line. The output will look like:

      --help                    A long help msg a long
                            help msg a long help msg
                            a long help msg a long
                            help msg a long help msg
                            a long help msg a long
                            help msg

For the case where line is wrapped, you can want an additional indent for wrapped text. This can be done by inserting a tabulator character ('\t') at the desired position. For example:

    options.add_options()
          ("well_formated", "As you can see this is a very well formatted
    option description.\n"
                            "You can do this for example:\n\n"
                            "Values:\n"
                            "  Value1: \tdoes this and that, bla bla bla bla
    bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla\n"
                            "  Value2: \tdoes something else, bla bla bla bla
    bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla\n\n"
                            "    This paragraph has a first line indent only,
    bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla bla");

will produce:

      --well_formated       As you can see this is a
                            very well formatted
                            option description.
                            You can do this for
                            example:

                            Values:
                              Value1: does this and
                                      that, bla bla
                                      bla bla bla bla
                                      bla bla bla bla
                                      bla bla bla bla
                                      bla
                              Value2: does something
                                      else, bla bla
                                      bla bla bla bla
                                      bla bla bla bla
                                      bla bla bla bla
                                      bla

                                This paragraph has a
                            first line indent only,
                            bla bla bla bla bla bla
                            bla bla bla bla bla bla
                            bla bla bla

The tab character is removed before output. Only one tabulator per paragraph is allowed, otherwise an exception of type program_options::error is thrown. Finally, the tabulator is ignored if it is not on the first line of the paragraph or is on the last possible position of the first line.

#### Semantic Information

The semantic information is completely provided by the `boost::program_options::value_semantic` class. For example:

    options_description desc;
    desc.add_options()
        ("compression", value<int>()->default_value(10), "compression level")
        ("email", value< vector<string> >()
            ->composing()->notifier(&your_function), "email")
        ;

These declarations specify that default value of the first option is 10, that the second option can appear several times and all instances should be merged, and that after parsing is done, the library will call function `&your_function`, passing the value of the "email" option as argument.

#### Positional Options

Our definition of option as (name, value) pairs is simple and useful, but in one special case of the command line, there's a problem. A command line can include a positional option, which does not specify any name at all, for example:

              archiver --compression=9 /etc/passwd

Here, the "/etc/passwd" element does not have any option name.

One solution is to ask the user to extract positional options himself and process them as he likes. However, there's a nicer approach -- provide a method to automatically assign the names for positional options, so that the above command line can be interpreted the same way as:

              archiver --compression=9 --input-file=/etc/passwd

The `positional_options_description` class allows the command line parser to assign the names. The class specifies how many positional options are allowed, and for each allowed option, specifies the name. For example:

    positional_options_description pd; pd.add("input-file", 1);

specifies that for exactly one, first, positional option the name will be "input-file".

It's possible to specify that a number, or even all positional options, be given the same name.

    positional_options_description pd;
    pd.add("output-file", 2).add("input-file", -1);

In the above example, the first two positional options will be associated with name "output-file", and any others with the name "input-file".

| Warning
The `positional_options_description` class only specifies translation from position to name, and the option name should still be registered with an instance of the `options_description` class.

### Parsers Component

The parsers component splits input sources into (name, value) pairs. Each parser looks for possible options and consults the options description component to determine if the option is known and how its value is specified. In the simplest case, the name is explicitly specified, which allows the library to decide if such option is known. If it is known, the `value_semantic` instance determines how the value is specified. (If it is not known, an exception is thrown.) Common cases are when the value is explicitly specified by the user, and when the value cannot be specified by the user, but the presence of the option implies some value (for example, `true`). So, the parser checks that the value is specified when needed and not specified when not needed, and returns new (name, value) pair.

To invoke a parser you typically call a function, passing the options description and command line or config file or something else. The results of parsing are returned as an instance of the `parsed_options` class. Typically, that object is passed directly to the storage component. However, it also can be used directly, or undergo some additional processing.

There are three exceptions to the above model -- all related to traditional usage of the command line. While they require some support from the options description component, the additional complexity is tolerable.

- The name specified on the command line may be different from the option name -- it's common to provide a "short option name" alias to a longer name. It's also common to allow an abbreviated name to be specified on the command line.

- Sometimes it's desirable to specify value as several tokens. For example, an option "--email-recipient" may be followed by several emails, each as a separate command line token. This behaviour is supported, though it can lead to parsing ambiguities and is not enabled by default.

- The command line may contain positional options -- elements which don't have any name. The command line parser provides a mechanism to guess names for such options, as we've seen in the tutorial.

### Storage Component

The storage component is responsible for:

- Storing the final values of an option into a special class and in regular variables

- Handling priorities among different sources.

- Calling user-specified `notify` functions with the final values of options.

Let's consider an example:

    variables_map vm;
    store(parse_command_line(argc, argv, desc), vm);
    store(parse_config_file("example.cfg", desc), vm);
    notify(vm);

The `variables_map` class is used to store the option values. The two calls to the `store` function add values found on the command line and in the config file. Finally the call to the `notify` function runs the user-specified notify functions and stores the values into regular variables, if needed.

The priority is handled in a simple way: the `store` function will not change the value of an option if it's already assigned. In this case, if the command line specifies the value for an option, any value in the config file is ignored.

| Warning
Don't forget to call the `notify` function after you've stored all parsed values.

### Specific parsers

#### Configuration file parser

The `parse_config_file` function implements parsing of simple INI-like configuration files. Configuration file syntax is line based:

- A line in the form:

      name=value

  gives a value to an option.

- A line in the form:

      [section name]

  introduces a new section in the configuration file.

- The `#` character introduces a comment that spans until the end of the line.

The option names are relative to the section names, so the following configuration file part:

    [gui.accessibility]
    visual_bell=yes

is equivalent to

    gui.accessibility.visual_bell=yes

When the option "gui.accessibility.visual_bell" has been added to the options

    options_description desc;
    desc.add_options()
        ("gui.accessibility.visual_bell", value<string>(), "flash screen for bell")
        ;

#### Environment variables parser

Environment variables are string variables which are available to all programs via the `getenv` function of C runtime library. The operating system allows to set initial values for a given user, and the values can be further changed on the command line. For example, on Windows one can use the `autoexec.bat` file or (on recent versions) the `Control Panel/System/Advanced/Environment Variables` dialog, and on Unix —, the `/etc/profile`, `~/.profile` and `~/.bash_profile` files. Because environment variables can be set for the entire system, they are particularly suitable for options which apply to all programs.

The environment variables can be parsed with the `parse_environment` function. The function have several overloaded versions. The first parameter is always an `options_description` instance, and the second specifies what variables must be processed, and what option names must correspond to it. To describe the second parameter we need to consider naming conventions for environment variables.

If you have an option that should be specified via environment variable, you need make up the variable's name. To avoid name clashes, we suggest that you use a sufficiently unique prefix for environment variables. Also, while option names are most likely in lower case, environment variables conventionally use upper case. So, for an option name `proxy` the environment variable might be called `BOOST_PROXY`. During parsing, we need to perform reverse conversion of the names. This is accomplished by passing the choosen prefix as the second parameter of the `parse_environment` function. Say, if you pass `BOOST_` as the prefix, and there are two variables, `CVSROOT` and `BOOST_PROXY`, the first variable will be ignored, and the second one will be converted to option `proxy`.

The above logic is sufficient in many cases, but it is also possible to pass, as the second parameter of the `parse_environment` function, any function taking a `std::string` and returning `std::string`. That function will be called for each environment variable and should return either the name of the option, or empty string if the variable should be ignored. An example showing this method can be found in "example/env_options.cpp".

### Types

Everything that is passed in on the command line, as an environmental variable, or in a config file is a string. For values that need to be used as a non-string type, the value in the variables_map will attempt to convert it to the correct type.

Integers and floating point values are converted using Boost's lexical_cast. It will accept integer values such as "41" or "-42". It will accept floating point numbers such as "51.1", "-52.1", "53.1234567890" (as a double), "54", "55.", ".56", "57.1e5", "58.1E5", ".591e5", "60.1e-5", "-61.1e5", "-62.1e-5", etc. Unfortunately, hex, octal, and binary representations that are available in C++ literals are not supported by lexical_cast, and thus will not work with program_options.

Booleans a special in that there are multiple ways to come at them. Similar to another value type, it can be specified as `("my-option", value<bool>())`, and then set as:

    example --my-option=true

However, more typical is that boolean values are set by the simple presence of a switch. This is enabled by `bool_switch` as in `("other-option", bool_switch())`. This will cause the value to default to false and it will become true if the switch is found:

    example --other-switch

When a boolean does take a parameter, there are several options. Those that evaluate to true in C++ are: "true", "yes", "on", "1". Those that evaluate to false in C++ are: "false", "no", "off", "0". In addition, when reading from a config file, the option name with an equal sign and no value after it will also evaluate to true.

### Annotated List of Symbols

The following table describes all the important symbols in the library, for quick access.

Symbol | Description
--- | ---
Options description component
`options_description` | describes a number of options
`value` | defines the option's value
Parsers component
`parse_command_line` | parses command line (simpified interface)
`basic_command_line_parser` | parses command line (extended interface)
`parse_config_file` | parses config file
`parse_environment` | parses environment
Storage component
`variables_map` | storage for option values